References
Ericson S, Kurol J. Radiographic examination of ectopically erupting maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987; 91:483-492
Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The palatally displaced canine as a dental anomaly of genetic origin. Angle Orthod. 1994; 64:250-256
Celikoglu M, Kamak H, Oktay H. Investigation of transmigrated and impacted maxillary and mandibular canine teeth in an orthodontic patient population. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68:1001-1006
Stivaros N, Mandall NA. Radiographic factors affecting the management of impacted upper permanent canines. J Orthod. 2000; 27:169-173
Thilander B, Jakobsson SO. Local factors in impaction of maxillary canines. Acta Odontol Scand. 1968; 26:145-168
Becker A, Smith P, Behar R. The incidence of anomalous maxillary lateral incisors in relation to palatally-displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod. 1981; 51:24-29
Pereira PM, Ferreira AP, Tavares P, Braga AC. Different manifestations of class II division 2 incisor retroclination and their association with dental anomalies. J Orthod. 2013; 40:299-306
Papadopoulos MA, Chatzoudi M, Kaklamanos EG. Prevalence of tooth transposition. A meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2010; 80:275-285
Peck S, Peck L. Classification of maxillary tooth transpositions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995; 107:505-517
Bradley EJ, Bell RA. Eruptive malposition of the mandibular permanent lateral incisor: three case reports. Pediatr Dent. 1990; 12:380-387
Peck S, Peck L, Hirsh G. Mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition in monozygotic twins. ASDC J Dent Child. 1997; 64:409-413
Muller TP, Hill IN, Peterson AC, Blayney JR. A survey of congenitally missing permanent teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1970; 81:101-107
Brin I, Becker A, Shalhav M. Position of the maxillary permanent canine in relation to anomalous or missing lateral incisors: a population study. Europ J Orthod. 1986; 8:12-16
Khalaf K, Miskelly J, Voge E, Macfarlane TV. Prevalence of hypodontia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthod. 2014; 41:299-316
Armstrong C, Johnston C, Burden D, Stevenson M. Localizing ectopic maxillary canines − horizontal or vertical parallax?. Eur J Orthod. 2003; 25:585-589
Serrant PS, McIntyre GT, Thomson DJ. Localization of ectopic maxillary canines − is CBCT more accurate than conventional horizontal or vertical parallax?. J Orthod. 2014; 41:13-18
Chaushu S, Chaushu G, Becker A. The use of panoramic radiographs to localize displaced maxillary canines. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999; 88:511-516
Ericson S, Kurol J. Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines. Europ J Orthod. 1988; 10:283-295
Power SM, Short MB. An investigation into the response of palatally displaced canines to the removal of deciduous canines and an assessment of factors contributing to favourable eruption. Br J Orthod. 1993; 20:215-223
Warford Jr JH, Grandhi RK, Tira DE. Prediction of maxillary canine impaction using sectors and angular measurement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003; 124:651-655
The aberrant canine part 1: aetiology and diagnosis
From Volume 10, Issue 4, October 2017 | Pages 126-130
Article
The permanent canine usually erupts uneventfully, but occasionally it may fail to do so. When this occurs there is a potential for the adjacent teeth to be damaged. Even when it does not cause any damage, treatment of the ectopically positioned canine can present a substantial challenge to the orthodontist. This paper presents a summary of the development and eruption of the permanent canine, both upper and lower, possible adverse effects of an aberrant position and the different treatment options.
Calcification of the upper and lower permanent canine teeth begins at 4 to 5 months post-partum, with crown formation being complete by the age of 5 years. The lower permanent canine erupts at around 10 years of age (± 6 months) and the upper canine at about 11.5 years (± 6 months). Although the upper permanent canine has a long path of eruption, the crown should be palpable beneath the mucosa in the buccal sulcus by the age of 10 years. Eruption is guided by the distal surface of the lateral incisor root in the case of the maxillary canine, and this can lead to the distal angulation of the lateral incisor. As a result, it is normal to see physiological spacing of the upper incisors in the mixed dentition (Figure 1), often referred to as the ‘ugly duckling’ stage, which then closes as the upper canines erupt, guided by the distal surfaces of the upper lateral incisor roots. Once the canines have fully erupted, the intercanine width in both the upper and lower arches is at its greatest and will then only reduce over time.1
Register now to continue reading
Thank you for visiting Orthodontic Update and reading some of our resources. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:
What's included
- Up to 2 free articles per month
- New content available