The sensation of pain is initiated in one of two ways, either by the direct stimulation of nociceptive nerve fibres by a mechanical, chemical or thermal stimulus; or indirect stimulation following the...

Pain is ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’.2 It is detected via free Aδ and C nerve fibres in response to physical, chemical or thermal...

The first molar begins calcification at birth and erupts at roughly 6 years of age. As with most permanent teeth, the lower molar usually erupts just before the upper molar. The second molars begin to...

Following clinical and radiographic investigations, treatment decisions can be made based, not only on the type of malocclusion, but more particularly on the presenting features associated with the...

Calcification of the upper and lower permanent canine teeth begins at 4 to 5 months post-partum, with crown formation being complete by the age of 5 years. The lower permanent canine erupts at around...

The maxillary and mandibular second premolars begin to calcify between 24 and 30 months post-partum. They are often the last successional teeth to erupt, usually between the ages of 10 and 12 years in...

The maxillary central incisor commences its development in the 30th week in utero. Calcification begins 3–4 months post-partum and the crown is usually complete by the age of 5 years. It is often the...

A number of variables including mental maturity, physical capacity, height and weight are sometimes estimated according to chronological age.11 However, there can be wide differences between...

CL/P and CP commonly occur as isolated birth defects, but are also associated with many genetic conditions. Approximately 70% of CL/P and 50% of CP cases are non-syndromic, occurring with no other...

When an intermittent force is applied to a tooth, such as during normal masticatory function, the periodontal ligament (PDL) is deformed slightly for a short time and the surrounding bone bends in...

Presented is the case of a boy aged 10 years and 6 months who had been referred to the orthodontic department for treatment of his prominent maxillary incisor teeth. He had previously been seen in the...

In an effort to produce aesthetic orthodontic archwires two broad approaches have been taken: firstly, the coating of metallic archwires on one or more surfaces and secondly, the development of...

Studies using scanning electron microscopy have revealed that root resorption is not only dependent upon time taken and force used, but also the type of tooth movement to which the teeth are...