Peter Fowler

Consultant, Senior Lecturer, Graduate Program Director, Bristol Dental Hospital

Skeletal discrepancies. Part 1: assessment, aetiology, and management of low angle cases

The definition of ‘low angle’ in orthodontics is a decreased FMPA more than one standard deviation below the average of 27° (such as an FMPA <22°)..

Skeletal discrepancies. Part 2: assessment, aetiology and management of high angle cases

The definition of ‘high angle’ in orthodontics is an increased F/MMPA more than one standard deviation above average (FMPA >32°).1 A high angle is associated with increased vertical facial...

Skeletal discrepancies Part 3: assessment, aetiology and management of facial asymmetry

Assessment of facial attractiveness is subjective and is influenced by social, personal and cultural factors. Facial symmetry is the equilibrium of contralateral facial landmarks in dimension and form...

The South Wales Peer Review Group: A Case Study in Collaboration Part 2

The first topic area to be explored was the Phases of Change (Figure 2), which would see the triggers for the various stages of de-escalation. The concept of the R0 value was discussed and how this...

The South Wales Peer Review Group: A Case Study in Collaboration Part 1

An initial core group of participants representing England, Scotland, Wales and the Republic of Ireland, from both primary and secondary care, came together to outline a backbone of challenges which...