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References

Zilberman Y, Cohen B, Becker A Familial trends in palatal canines, anomalous lateral incisors and related phenomena. Eur J Orthod. 1990; 12:135-139
Robertsson S, Mohlin B The congenitally missing upper lateral incisor. A retrospective study of orthodontic space closure versus restorative treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2000; 22:697-710
Locht S Panoramic radiographic examination of 704 Danish children aged 9-10 years. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980; 8:375-380
Brook AH Dental anomalies of number, form and size: their prevalence in British schoolchildren. J Int Assoc Dent Child. 1974; 5:37-53
Lervik T, Cowley GC Observations of dental disease and anomalies in 9 to 11-year-old Norwegian children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1983; 41:45-51
Hunstadbraten K Hypodontia in the permanent dentition. ASDC J Dent Child. 1973; 40:115-117
Bergström K An orthopantomographic study of hypodontia, supernumeraries and other anomalies in schoolchildren between the ages of 8-9 years. An epidemiological study. Swed Dent J. 1977; 1:145-157
Larmour CJ, Mossey P, Bikram ST, Forgie AH, Stirrups DR Hypodontia - a retrospective review of prevalence and etiology Part 1. Quintessence Int. 2005; 36:263-270
Stamatiou J, Symons AL Agenesis of the permanent lateral incisor: distribution, number and sites. J Clin Ped Dent. 1991; 15:244-246
Arte S, Nieminen P, Pirinen S, Thesleff I, Peltonen L Gene defect in hypodontia: exclusion of EGF, EGFR and FGR-3 as candidate genes. J Dent Res. 1996; 75:1346-1352
Louw JD, Smith BJ, McDonald F, Palmer RM The management of developmentally absent maxillary lateral incisors - a survey of orthodontists in the UK. Br Dent J. 2007; 23
Lai PY, Seow WK A controlled study of the association of various dental anomalies with hypodontia of permanent teeth. Pediatr Dent. 1989; 11:291-296
Brin I, Becker A, Shalhav M Position of the maxillary permanent canine in relation to anomalous or missing lateral incisors: a population study. Eur J Orthod. 1986; 8:12-16
Becker A, Smith P, Behar R The incidence of anomalous maxillary lateral incisors in relation to palatally displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod. 1981; 51:24-29
Hobkirk JA, Goodman JR, Jones SP Presenting complaints and findings in a group of patients attending a hypodontia clinic. Br Dent J. 1994; 177:337-339
Shaw WC, Addy M, Ray C Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a review. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980; 8:36-45
Kinzer GA, Kokich VO Managing congenitally missing lateral incisors part 1: canine substitution. Adv Est Interdisc Dent. 2007; 3:2-5
Thilander B, Odman J, Gröteborg K, Friberg B Osseointegrated implants in adolescents. An alternative in replacing missing teeth?. Eur J Orthod. 1994; 16:84-95
Swanberg DF, Henry MD Avoiding implant overload. Implant Soc. 1995; 6:12-14
Senty EL The maxillary cuspid and missing lateral incisors: esthetics and occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1976; 46:465-371
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003; 124:116-127
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Diagnosis and treatment of missing upper lateral incisors part 1

From Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2011 | Pages 102-105

Authors

Farnaz Parvizi

MPhil, BDS, FDS RCS(Eng), MOrth RCS(Ed)

Senior Registrar (FTTA) in Orthodontics, Child Dental Health, Bristol Dental Hospital

Articles by Farnaz Parvizi

Michael Dawson

BDS, MFDS RCS(Ed)

Specialist Registrar in Orthodontics

Articles by Michael Dawson

Christian Day

BDS, MFDS, MSc, MOrth, FOrth, BDS, MFDS MSc, MOrth

Consultant Orthodontist, Bristol Dental Hospital, UK

Articles by Christian Day

Abstract

These two articles aim to outline the assessment and explain the treatment options for those patients who present with missing upper lateral incisors. In Part 1, emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and need for a combined orthodontic-restorative approach to provide optimal patient care.

Clinical Relevance: The management of patients with absence of one or both lateral incisors can be an aesthetic and functional challenge. Frequently, a number of different factors need to be considered in order to achieve the best end result. We suggest that a combined orthodontic-restorative approach be considered at the start of the planning process, in order to consider all treatment possibilities.

Article

The developmental absence of teeth (hypodontia) is not an uncommon finding amongst orthodontic patients and maxillary incisors are amongst the most commonly found to be absent, with a reported incidence of 1–2% in Caucasians,1 accounting for approximately 20% of all absent permanent teeth.2,3 The background incidence of hypodontia of secondary teeth in North-Western Europe is between 3.5 and 10%.4,5,6,7 It is more common in females.8

The lateral incisors may be unilaterally or bilaterally absent, with bilateral agenesis more common than unilateral agenesis.9 The absence of maxillary lateral incisors generally follows an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance.10 Its absence can also be associated with conditions such as ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip and palate, Down's syndrome, Incontinentia pigmenti and following early irradiation of tooth germs.11

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