Hywel Naish

Specialist Practitioner, Cathedral Orthodontics, Cardiff, UK

Orthodontic pain

The sensation of pain is initiated in one of two ways, either by the direct stimulation of nociceptive nerve fibres by a mechanical, chemical or thermal stimulus; or indirect stimulation following the...

An update on local anaesthesia in orthodontics

Pain is ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’.2 It is detected via free Aδ and C nerve fibres in response to physical, chemical or thermal...